The development of increased trade imbalances and country indebtedness, together with subsequent

The development of increased trade imbalances and country indebtedness, together with subsequent competitive currency devaluations aiming to strengthen a country's own exports have resulted in:
a. Increased stock prices in Japan
b. The implementation of the gold standard being in most countries of the world
c. More volatility in currency exchange rates
d. All of the above
e. None of the above